Corrections, Retractions and Expressions of Concern

RIIS is committed to maintaining the integrity of the scientific record. The following procedures follow COPE guidance and apply to all published content.

1. Version of record

The published article constitutes the version of record. Original files are neither replaced nor removed: any change is signalled through a standalone notice, with its own DOI, bidirectionally linked to the original article.

2. Erratum (publisher error)

Issued when the error was introduced by the journal during production and affects the understanding or attribution of the work.

3. Corrigendum (author error)

Issued when the authors identify an error that affects the scientific content without compromising the overall validity of the results. The request must be submitted in writing, signed by all authors, describing the error and the intended correction.

4. Expression of concern

Issued where there is well-founded evidence of problems concerning the reliability of, or conduct associated with, an article, but the investigation is not yet concluded, or where the responsible institution does not conduct or complete an inquiry within a reasonable period. It is updated or superseded once conclusions are available.

5. Retraction

Applied where there is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable, whether through serious error or misconduct (fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, duplicate publication, improper authorship, absence of ethical approval or consent). The retraction notice identifies the article, states who requested it, sets out the reason objectively and is published open access. The original article remains accessible, watermarked "RETRACTED" on every page.

6. Removal

An exceptional measure, applicable only where retaining the content would create serious legal risk, infringe personality rights or pose a risk to public health. It is replaced by a record containing the metadata and the reason for removal.

7. Procedure and timelines

Report to riis@essnortecvp.pt, identifying the article (DOI) and the grounds.
Acknowledgement of receipt within 10 working days.
Authors and, where applicable, their institutions are given the opportunity to respond.
A reasoned decision by the editorial team, communicated in writing, normally within 90 days.

8. Notification of third parties

All corrections, expressions of concern and retractions are deposited with Crossref, flagged through Crossmark and communicated to the databases and indexing services that host the journal's content.

Corrections, Retractions and Expressions of Concern